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عمران::
سطح اب خروجی
In fact, in many flip bucket installations, the tail water levels are higher than the elevation of the bucket lip as a result of which the jet issuing from the bucket is submerged.
The combination of invert elevation, bucket radius, and lip angle then decides the lip elevation, in conjunc- tion with the tail water level, particularly if the latter is higher than the lip level.
Theoretically, the maximum throw is achieved when the jet leaves the bucket at an angle of 45° and if the tail water level is at the same elevation as that of the lip level, the impingement angle is the same as lip angle.
For tail water levels lower than the lip level, the impingement angle increases.
Too small of a lip angle results in the so-called skimming flow at the tail water level causing waves and bank erosion whereas higher angles produce the jet penetrating deep into the tail water causing excessive scour.
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